Two tons of alumina are required to produce one ton of aluminum. Alumina is produced most economically from raw bauxite using the Bayer process.

Bauxite is washed, ground and dissolved in sodium hydroxide at high pressure and temperature. The resulting liquid contains undissolved bauxite ‘red mud’ residues containing iron, silicon and titanium, which sink gradually to the bottom of the tank and are removed: the remaining clear solution of sodium aluminate is pumped off.

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